Arpades 1 was son of the voivode of the Turks (meaning here the Magyars or Hungarians), Almoutzes 1; Arpades 1 was appointed ruler (ἄρχων) of the Turks (i.e the Hungarians) by the khagan of the Khazars (Anonymus 745), rather than his father, because he was the preferred choice of the Turks (Hungarians) themselves; his elevation ceremony was allegedly performed according to Khazar custom; he was the first ruler of the Turks (Hungarians) and in the time of Constantine VII Porphyrogennitos the princes of Turkey (the Hungarians) were still chosen from his family (i.e. the Arpads; cf. ODB I, p. 185, with secondary literature); under Arpades 1 the Turks were attacked by the Patzinaks, and Arpades 1 and his followers fled to Great Moravia (i.e. Pannonia), where they expelled the existing inhabitants and made their homes; they were still there in the time of Constantine VII Porphyrogennitos: Const. Porph., DAI 38, 44ff., cf. 40, 48ff. (the chief ruler of the Turks came from his family).

Described as the great ruler of Turkey (μέγας Τουρκίας ἄρχων), Arpades 1 had four sons, Tarkatzous, Ielech, Ioutotzas and Zaltas (all in PBE II), all of whom are said to have been dead when Constantine Porphyrogennitos wrote the De Administrando Imperio: Const. Porph., DAI 40, 48ff. Arpades 1 had a son called Liountika (PBE II), in whose time the Turks (Hungarians), prompted by the emperor Leo VI (Leo 25), attacked Symeon of Bulgaria: Const. Porph., DAI 40, 48ff. (this was in c. 894). The date of Arpades 1 was therefore in the middle or late ninth century. Cf. also DAI, Comm., ed. Jenkins, p. 148.

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